Effects of various vitamins on reproductive function of pigs
Vitamins are one of the important factors affecting the reproductive function of pigs. They need to contain a certain amount of various vitamins in pig diets. This article describes the mechanism of action of vitamins A, B, D, and E, and introduces the vitamin deficiency and excessive harm of pigs.
Vitamins are a kind of trace low-molecular organic compounds essential for maintaining normal physiological functions of animals. Although it is not a major component of various tissues, it is not a source of energy for the body, but it has a great effect in animals, and most of them are composed of coenzymes. ingredient. These enzymes are indispensable for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. They promote the synthesis and degradation of major nutrients, thereby controlling body metabolism. Vitamin deficiency can affect the synthesis of coenzymes, leading to metabolic disorders, various diseases in animals, and affecting the reproductive function of animals to varying degrees.
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are insoluble in water and soluble in fats and fat solvents, so they are called fat-soluble vitamins. In addition to the amount of vitamin K in the fat-soluble vitamins that can be synthesized by the animal's digestive tract, other vitamins must be provided by the diet. Fat-soluble vitamins often coexist with lipids in feeds, and are also closely related to lipid absorption during intestinal absorption. They can pass through the lipid phase of muscle cell membranes in a diffuse passive manner and can be excreted from the feces through the gallbladder. When lipids are poorly absorbed, the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins is reduced, causing corresponding deficiency and affecting the animal's fertility. On the contrary, if the animal consumes excessive amounts of fat-soluble vitamins, it will also have a toxic effect on the body.
1 The impact of vitamin A imbalance on reproductive function
Vitamin A is a cyclic polyenol compound, which is involved in the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides in tissues, regulates the proliferation and development of epithelial cells, affects reproductive function and embryonic development, and has the functions of maintaining retinal sensitization and promoting bone and tooth growth.
In the production of pigs, as a feed drug additive, the stability of vitamin A acetate and vitamin A palmitate is good. Currently, vitamin A acetate is commonly used in China. Pigs need vitamin A at any stage of growth or under physiological conditions. Vitamin A protects the integrity and integrity of genital epithelial tissue, promotes skin development and regeneration, promotes the synthesis of lactopolysaccharide in connective tissue, maintains the integrity of cell membrane and organelle structure, promotes hormone synthesis, and enhances animal fertility.
Insufficient vitamin A can cause mucosal atrophy and degeneration, leading to squamous keratinization of various epithelial cells of the pig body, and can cause diarrhea, various inflammations of the bladder and kidney, and a reduction in defense functions. Endocrine glands atrophy, structural damage, endocrine function disorders, insufficient hormone secretion, reduced or completely stopped sex hormone secretion. The epithelium of the reproductive system is most affected, the sexual cycle is disordered, and there is no rhythm and disorder. Delayed postpartum estrus and loss of libido or ignorance. Vitamin A is involved in steroid synthesis. When vitamin A is deficient, 3β-hydroxysteroids are converted to 3-ketosteroids (3β-hydroxydehydrogenase) activity, adrenal gland, gonadal function is reduced, placental steroid synthesis is reduced, leading to pregnant sows Abortion, stillbirth, weak piglets, or deformed piglets, such as blinking, monocular, rabbit lips, and deafness. Boars show reduced testicles, degraded function, reduced semen quality, and reproductive failure.
Like other fat-soluble vitamins that have accumulated in animals, vitamin A is not easily excreted from animals. When the intake exceeds 50-500 times of the normal amount, it will produce toxicity. Pigs often show rough hair, scaly skin, cracks in the skin around the tendon sheath, hematuria, blood feces, excessive excitement, sensitivity to touch, and loss of control of the legs. With the inability to stand, periodic tremors and even death.
Adding vitamin A 2 200 IU/kg to the basal diet can meet the needs of piglets for better growth performance. Adding vitamin A 1 100 IU/kg piglets has higher immune functions, and the sows can add vitamin A 2 500 IU/kg. Maintain normal reproductive function. The requirement for vitamin A in general pigs ranges from 1 000 to 2 000 IU/kg of feed.
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