What are the characteristics of glass?
For glass, glass has four characteristics according to architectural glass classification, including clean glass characteristics, decorative glass characteristics, safety glass characteristics, and energy-saving decorative glass.
First, the net glass characteristics
1. Good fluoroscopy and light transmission performance (the visible light transmittance of the 3 mm, 5 mm thick slab glass is 87% and 84%, respectively). The transmittance of near-infrared heat rays in sunlight is high, but the far-infrared long-wave heat rays generated by reflection of visible light to the interior wall and furniture and fabric are effectively blocked, so that a "warm-room effect" can be produced. . The net glass has a low transmittance to ultraviolet light in sunlight;
2, sound insulation, have a certain thermal insulation performance;
3, tensile strength is much smaller than compressive strength, is a typical brittle material;
4, has a high chemical stability, usually, it has strong resistance to acid and alkali salts and chemical kit gases, but long-term exposure to aggressive media can also lead to deterioration and destruction, such as weathering of glass. And moldy will result in appearance damage and reduced light transmission performance;
5, the thermal stability is poor, rapid cold and prone to burst.
Second, decorative glass characteristics
1, color flat glass can be assembled into various groups, and has the characteristics of corrosion resistance, erosion resistance, easy cleaning.
2. Glazed glass has good chemical stability and decoration.
3, embossed glass, sprayed glass, opaque glass, engraved glass, ice glass according to the different process of making the pattern, there are a variety of colors, look, shine effect, rich in decorative.
Third, safety glass characteristics
1. Tempered glass has high mechanical strength, good elasticity, good thermal stability, and is not easy to injure after crushing, and can cause self-explosion.
2. After the impact of the wire or the sudden change of temperature, the debris will not scatter; it can prevent the flame from spreading for a short time; it has certain anti-theft and anti-robbing effects.
3. The laminated glass has good transparency and high impact resistance, and the interlayer PVB film adheres to protect the debris from being scattered and wounded, and is durable, heat-resistant, moisture-resistant and cold-resistant.
Fourth, energy-saving decorative glass
1. The colored glass absorbs the solar radiant heat effectively, and achieves the energy-saving effect of shielding heat; absorbs more visible light, makes the transmitted light soft; strongly absorbs ultraviolet rays, prevents ultraviolet rays from affecting the indoors; the color is bright and durable, and the appearance of the building is beautiful.
2, coated glass insulation effect is better, easy to produce light pollution to the outside environment.
3. The insulating glass has good optical performance, good thermal insulation performance, anti-condensation and good sound insulation performance.
A dumbwaiter is a small freight elevator or lift intended to carry objects rather than people. Dumbwaiters found within modern structures, including both commercial, public and private buildings, are often connected between multiple floors. When installed in restaurants, schools, kindergartens, hospitals, retirement homes or in private homes, the lifts generally terminate in a kitchen.
The term seems to have been popularized in the United States in the 1840s, after the model of earlier "dumbwaiters" now known as serving trays and lazy Susans. The mechanical dumbwaiter was invented by George W. Cannon, a New York City inventor. Cannon first filed for the patent of a brake system (US Patent no. 260776) that could be used for a dumbwaiter on January 6, 1883. Cannon later filed for the patent on the mechanical dumbwaiter (US Patent No. 361268) on February 17, 1887.Cannon reportedly generated a vast amount of royalties from the dumbwaiter patents until his death in 1897.
A simple dumbwaiter is a movable frame in a shaft, dropped by a rope on a pulley, guided by rails; most dumbwaiters have a shaft, cart, and capacity smaller than those of passenger elevators, usually 45 to 450 kg (100 to 1000 lbs.) Before electric motors were added in the 1920s, dumbwaiters were controlled manually by ropes on pulleys.
Early 20th-century codes sometimes required fireproof dumbwaiter walls and self-closing fireproof doors and mention features such as buttons to control movement between floors and locks on doors preventing them from opening unless the cart is stopped at that floor. Dumbwaiter Lifts in London were extremely popular in the houses of the rich and privileged. Maids would use them to deliver laundry to the laundry room from different rooms in the house. They negated the need to carry handfuls of dirty washing through the house, saving time and preventing injury.
A legal complaint about a Manhattan restaurant's dumbwaiter in 1915, which also mentions that food orders are shouted up and down the shaft, describes its operation and limitations as follows:
[There is] ... great play between the cart of the dumb-waiter and the guides on which it runs, with the result that the running of the cart is accompanied by a loud noise. The rope which operates the cart of the dumb-waiter runs in a wheel with a very shallow groove, so that the rope is liable to and does at times slip off. ... The cart has no shock absorbers at the top, so that when it strikes the top of the shaft or wheel there is a loud report. ... [T]he ropes of the dumb-waiter strike such wall at frequent intervals with a loud report. ... [T]he dumb-waiter is often negligently operated, by running it faster than necessary, and by letting it go down with a sudden fall.
More recent dumbwaiters can be more sophisticated, using electric motors, automatic control systems, and custom freight containers of other kinds of elevators. Recently constructed book lifts in libraries and mail or other freight transports in office towers may be larger than many dumbwaiters in public restaurants and private homes, supporting loads as heavy as 450 kg (990lbs)
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