Feed vitamins and minerals affect poultry
1 The effect of vitamin deficiency or excess on poultry
1.1 Nutritional characteristics of vitamins
Vitamins are a class of low molecular organic compounds necessary for various physiological functions of poultry and special poultry. It plays an important role in regulating and controlling the metabolism of poultry, improving the performance of poultry and the utilization of feed.
At present, there are at least 15 kinds of vitamins added to the feed, which can be divided into two categories: fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins, namely VA, VD, VK, VE, VB1, VB2, VB6, VB12, niacin, pantothenic acid, choline, Folic acid, biotin, VC, etc. A variety of vitamins are part of the coenzyme or prosthetic group and participate in various metabolisms of the body.
All kinds of green and green feeds are rich in vitamins. Under the conditions of extensive feeding, because the birds can feed a large amount of greenish feed, vitamins are generally not lacking. However, with the substantial increase in the scale of poultry production, especially the commercialization and intensification of poultry feeding methods such as commercial laying hens, broilers, meat ducks, meat pigeons, crickets and crickets, these poultry are separated from sunlight, soil and green. Natural nutrients and environmental conditions such as feed can only meet the needs of poultry by relying on the nutrient source in the feed. On the other hand, poultry under intensive production conditions are particularly prone to vitamin deficiency. High-density modernized poultry and poultry production can generate a lot of stress, increase the vitamin requirements of poultry, and under normal circumstances, poultry has higher vitamin requirements than other animals, so it is necessary to supplement industrially produced vitamins.
1.2 The impact of vitamin deficiency on poultry
In the production of poultry, the lack or insufficient addition of any kind of vitamin can lead to metabolic disorders in the bird and cause various diseases. If the VA is insufficient or lacking, the young birds will have growth stagnation, weight loss, and feathers. The severely deficient chicks will have movement disorders; the laying hens will have a lower egg production rate and hatching rate, and blood spots in the eggs. Symptoms of increased incidence and severity. Lack of VE can cause brain softening in young birds, exudative quality of young birds, and muscle necrosis in young birds and adult birds. The lack of any of the vitamins such as choline, niacin, VB6, biotin, folic acid, etc. in poultry and young birds can cause short bones of the tibia. Lack of choline can cause avian fatty liver syndrome. Lack of folic acid can also cause anemia, leukopenia, feather discoloration, cervical paralysis, high embryo mortality, and reduced hen egg production.
In production practice, due to a wide range of feed sources, some of the vitamins in the feed may be lost during processing, transportation, storage, and changes in feed ingredients and environmental conditions. For example, in the process of processing pellets, some vitamins are oxidatively decomposed by heat, which destroys their activity; if there is whitefly in the feed, it can reduce the absorption of VA and VD by birds; the feed containing mycotoxins increases the solubility of fat. The amount of vitamins and other vitamins (such as biotin, folic acid).
Studies have shown that adding vitamins slightly higher than the feeding standard can achieve optimal immune status in birds. Currently used corn--bean meal type diet, special attention should be paid to the addition of VA, VD3, VE, VK, riboflavin (VB2), niacin, pantothenic acid, VB12 and choline. For caged poultry, more VK and B vitamins should be added than ground poultry.
In the summer, the addition of B vitamins, VC and VE can alleviate the heat stress of birds. In addition, the addition of B vitamins and VC can also increase the growth rate of broiler chickens, increase egg production, egg weight and eggshell quality. Adding VE also has the effect of improving immunity and reducing mortality. However, it should be reminded that the "poultry multivitamin" sold in the market does not contain choline chloride and VC, and if the bird needs it, it should be added separately.
1.3 The adverse consequences of excessive vitamin supplementation
Excessive vitamin supplementation or long-term overfeeding can have undesirable consequences. In particular, some fat-soluble vitamins cannot be added in excess. Practice has shown that VA, VD and VK3 excess have toxic effects on poultry. If the amount of VA added exceeds the normal amount by more than 50 times, the chicken exhibits depression, gait instability, decreased feed intake, and complete refusal. Studies have reported that excessive VA will cause the bone growth plate of chicks and ducklings to narrow. If the VD level in the feed diet is as high as 4 million IU/kg of feed or higher, it can cause dystrophic calcification of the renal tubule and cause damage to the kidney; moderate VD excess can cause the calcareous surface of the eggshell surface of the laying egg. The incidence of the knot is increased, which affects the quality of the eggs. Therefore, when adding such vitamins, avoid excessive.
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