Equipment manufacturing industry needs reorganization

Equipment manufacturing is an important embodiment of a country's prosperity. Only by improving the competitiveness of the equipment manufacturing industry can we have the right to speak on the world stage and be able to have stronger competitiveness in the world. At present, the level of China's equipment manufacturing industry has increased substantially, but there is still a certain gap compared with developed countries such as the United States. We must face up to this gap, not blindly and confidently, but to achieve breakthroughs in technological innovation and quality.

Face the problem

The primary problem facing China's equipment manufacturing industry is the low concentration of industry and the lack of economies of scale. China's equipment manufacturing industry as a whole shows the characteristics of small enterprises and large enterprises. Although the industrial concentration of China's equipment manufacturing industry has increased from 55.59% in 2000 to 66.81% in 2010, it is still low compared with other countries in the world. The reasons for this are as follows: First, the scattered and repeated layout of China's equipment manufacturing industry has been very serious for a long time, and most enterprises are built according to “big and complete” and “small and complete”, resulting in the scale of equipment manufacturing enterprises is generally small. Among the various industries of the equipment manufacturing industry, only the automobile manufacturing industry and the diesel engine manufacturing industry have higher concentration, which are respectively the oligo-occupation type III and the oligo-occupancy type IV in Bain's absolute concentration analysis system; the second is in other industries, grinding The manufacturing industry belongs to the quasi-middle- and low-income industries. Metal processing machinery manufacturing, integrated circuit manufacturing, computer manufacturing, shipbuilding and aviation manufacturing are all middle and lower oligopolistic industries, metal casting, forging and processing industries, bearings, The gear, transmission and drive component manufacturing industries are all atomic enterprises with very low concentration and high level of industrial competition. The lower concentration usually reflects that the proportion of the large-scale enterprises in the industry is not large, and it cannot form economies of scale, which limits the international competitiveness and industrial development of China's equipment manufacturing industry.

Another problem faced by the equipment manufacturing industry is that the industrial structure is unreasonable and the technical content is not strong. In the global equipment manufacturing industry chain, China's equipment manufacturing industry is generally at the low-end, and the product technology content and brand effect are not strong. In other manufacturing industries, metal products, office machinery and automated processing are internationally competitive, but both are relatively low-tech industries in the equipment manufacturing industry, and are more dependent on cost in international competition. Advantages, while industries with high technical capabilities such as power machinery and equipment, engineering-specific machinery and transportation equipment, China and the United States, Germany and other mechanical powers have a large gap. Compared with the rapid growth of overall industrial profits, the profit growth rate of the equipment manufacturing industry is relatively small. For example, the equipment manufacturing industry profit margins in 2008, 2009 and 2010 are 12.68%, 12.59% and 14.61%. To a certain extent, this reflects the phenomenon that China's equipment manufacturing industry mainly benefits from the cost of human resources rather than technology and intellectual property.

In addition, China's equipment manufacturing industry is highly dependent on foreign technology, and the industry is highly controlled by foreign capital. At present, advanced technologies and core components in the industry need to be imported. The industry characteristics of the equipment manufacturing industry determine that advanced technology is a key factor in determining industrial safety. Among the major equipment independent research and development products, because China's original innovation is not much, especially in the core technology and key links behind the international advanced level, the core basic components and software still have not got rid of the situation of being controlled by people. Although the foreign dependence of foreign technology in China's equipment manufacturing industry has declined in recent years, it still maintains an external dependence of around 20%. In addition, due to the small scale of China's equipment manufacturing enterprises, weak research and development capabilities, resulting in poor independent development capabilities and low technological innovation capabilities, high-tech equipment and major technical equipment are largely driven by the introduction of foreign technology.

The international competitiveness of enterprises is not strong, and the lack of independent brands and first-class enterprises is also one of the problems that plague the development of China's equipment manufacturing industry. Overall, the international competitiveness of China's equipment manufacturing industry has been on an upward trend since 2008, rising from -5.35% in 2000 to 20.77% in 2008. Since 2009, the international competitiveness of China's equipment manufacturing industry has been affected by the international financial crisis. The impact has declined, and in 2010 it fell to 17.36%. This is mainly because China's equipment manufacturing industry not only lacks core technology, but also lacks world-renowned independent brands and world-class enterprises. Large enterprises and large groups represent the level of industrial technology and international competitiveness of a country. The equipment manufacturing industry is the industry that can best reflect economies of scale. However, China rarely has the ability to scale with independent innovation and international first-class enterprises. Multinational corporations (such as General Motors of the United States, Siemens of Germany, and Mitsubishi of Japan) are big companies that compete. And compared with multinational companies, China does not have a well-known brand of equipment manufacturing companies with significant influence in the world.

Where is the way out?

The government should continue to increase support for the development of the equipment manufacturing industry. The equipment manufacturing industry is the basic industry in the national economy and the pillar industry to promote the development of the national economy. It is extremely important to ensure the industrial safety of the equipment manufacturing industry to realize the national economic security. The government should further implement various policies to support the development of the equipment manufacturing industry, provide more preferential policy support for large-scale complete sets of equipment exports and large state-owned enterprises to go abroad, increase capital and policy support, and help China's equipment manufacturing enterprises completely eliminate historical burdens. Support state-owned enterprises to further deepen reforms. Formulate policies to encourage the use of domestically produced equipment, increase government procurement, and support the localization of major equipment. Formulate industrial policies, implement necessary support policies and measures, and accelerate the pace of optimization and upgrading of the machinery industry. In addition, green and technical barriers can be used to prevent industrial damage, prevent and suppress the monopoly of multinational companies on the Chinese market.

China's equipment manufacturing industry should pay attention to technological progress and technological innovation when developing, and improve the technical content of products. Enterprises must strengthen their independent innovation capabilities, adhere to technology introduction, digestion and independent innovation, and promote technological upgrading of equipment manufacturing. Enterprises should gradually increase the intensity of independent development and independent innovation, so that the technological innovation mode of the equipment manufacturing industry will be transformed from the introduction of technology to the combination of imported technology and independent development, and then move toward independent innovation. It is also necessary to increase investment in research funding, strengthen cooperation with scientific research institutions in universities, foster high-level and innovative talents that are in short supply, transform scientific research results into production results, focus on the core and leading technologies, and improve China's equipment manufacturing. The technical content of the products will speed up the pace of enterprises using information technology to achieve modern management, and take a new step in energy conservation and consumption reduction and production cost reduction, accelerate the construction of large-scale complete sets of equipment export bases, and strive to improve the export competitiveness of products.

In addition, the entire industry should focus on upgrading the product structure of the equipment manufacturing industry. On the one hand, China has become a veritable manufacturing country; on the other hand, China also imports many high value-added products every year, but exports some low value-added products. The degree of participation in the international division of labor is low. Basically a domestic demand industry. Nowadays, countries all over the world are paying more and more attention to the quality of manufacturing products. High-quality, multi-functional, high-tech and high value-added products have become the main direction of development in various countries. Large-scale equipment manufacturing industry should take the responsibility of research and development of high value-added and high-end products. We must not only pay attention to immediate interests, but also invest in production with fast-growing prices. However, for medium-sized enterprises with low added value, medium-sized enterprises should strive to carry out technological innovation and improve equipment levels. Promote the upgrading of manufacturing products by optimizing product structure and increasing the proportion of high value-added products.

At the same time, the entire industry also needs to accelerate mergers and acquisitions and create a number of world-scale equipment manufacturing enterprises. The government should formulate preferential policies in areas where funds, resources and technologies have comparative advantages, attract investment, attract talents, and bring into play the industrial agglomeration effect to form a well-known equipment manufacturing concentration. We will continue to deepen the structural adjustment of the equipment manufacturing industry, increase the intensity of “restructuring and restructuring”, stimulate the vitality of enterprises, and enhance international competitiveness. We will adjust and restructure the industrial structure and organizational structure around the advantages and strengths of China's equipment manufacturing industry, encourage enterprises to implement strong alliances, and vigorously cultivate large-scale enterprises and enterprise groups that are competitive internationally. At the same time, it is necessary to regulate the M&A activities of foreign capital and increase the protection of outstanding national enterprises. In 1998, US legislation authorized the president to veto foreign investors to merge with US companies based on national security interests; South Korea adopted a policy of “gradual expansion, focusing on me” for foreign investment, and insisted on opening up to the outside world and protecting domestic industries. These practices are worth learning from China. In short, various measures should be taken to accelerate the pace of reform of state-owned enterprises, accelerate the adjustment of the strategic layout of enterprises, and promote the strategy of the large group of equipment manufacturing enterprises. (The author is head of the Department of Economics and Trade, School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing)

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